{"product_id":"map-of-france-phylloxera-affected-arrondissements-viticulture-wine-map-1885-p-6-112349","title":"Map of France—Phylloxera-affected arrondissements—Viticulture \/ wine map 1885","description":"\u003cp align=\"left\"\u003eCarte des arrondissements dans lesquels la présence du Phylloxera a été constatée dressée conformément au décret du 28 Février 1885. [Map of the arrondissements in which the presence of phylloxera has been recorded, drawn in accordance with the decree of 28 February 1885]\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA late-19th-century thematic map illustrating the spread of the phylloxera epidemic in France—which killed vines and devastated wine production—and showing the regulatory response. Caused by an insect inadvertently introduced to Europe on imported American vines, phylloxera proved lethal to European Vitis vinifera, which lacked natural resistance. First identified in the Rhône in 1863, it spread rapidly across France and the wider continent. In France alone, wine production collapsed from approximately 84.5 million hectolitres in 1875 to just 23.4 million hectolitres by 1889, with between two-thirds and nine-tenths of European vineyards destroyed. After quarantines and other control measures failed, the only effective solution discovered was to graft resistant American rootstocks onto European vines. This provoked fierce resistance from traditionalists who feared it would alter the character and quality of French wines, but the prospect of total vineyard loss left no realistic alternative. The map classifies arrondissements by colour according to outbreak severity, and reflecting the continued resistance to introduced rootstocks: unaffected and lightly affected districts are distinguished from more heavily affected areas where introduced vines were still restricted, and fully infested zones where grafting was permitted.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Antiquemapsandprints.com","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53896242725211,"sku":"P-6-112349","price":540.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0923\/9583\/1643\/files\/P-6-112349a.jpg?v=1787833518","url":"https:\/\/www.antiquemapsandprints.com\/products\/map-of-france-phylloxera-affected-arrondissements-viticulture-wine-map-1885-p-6-112349","provider":"Antiquemapsandprints.com","version":"1.0","type":"link"}