Maps that changed the world — map sheets from the landmark geological survey that enabled Saudi Arabia to identify and exploit its oil reserves. Between 1950 and 1963, at the invitation of the Saudi government, the U.S. Geological Survey — working in collaboration with the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco) — mapped what was then still a largely uncharted Kingdom. Led by figures including Glen F. Brown, the joint US–Saudi programme produced 21 bilingual (Arabic-English) and dual-dated geological and geographic map pairs of the Arabian Peninsula, including adjacent parts of the Gulf States. These foundational surveys underpinned the Kingdom’s hydrocarbon, mineral and wider economic development. All the maps bear Natural History Museum, London ownership and withdrawal stamps, and most retain their original envelopes. Click one of the maps to explore the series with our map grid navigator.
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